The hall hummed with joyous curiosity at this year鈥檚 New 精东传媒 Live at Excel London, which ran from 10 to 12 October and attracted thousands of visitors of all ages.

With topics including the search for extraterrestrial life, what AI is teaching us about consciousness and the maths behind Pok茅mon, there was a delightful range to explore. Highlights included physicist Jim Al-Khalili diving into the deepest mysteries of time and psychologist Kimberley Wilson on how to build lifelong brain health. Other packed talks ranged from how we evolved, from anthropologist Alice Roberts, to a myth-busting take on supplements by doctors Chris and Xand van Tulleken.

Fans lined up to meet speakers, including naturalist Chris Packham, who shared moving thoughts on why science is crucial to tackling the climate crisis. Younger fans flocked for selfies with mathematician and YouTuber Tom Crawford, who fought a fierce maths battle with maths teacher and TV presenter Bobby Seagull.

On the show floor, people could journey through a giant inflatable gut, 3D-print organs and get hands-on with large insects. They also lined up to board a Chinook helicopter, or step into a hospital of the future. Plus, in virtual reality, they could swim through coral reefs and explore the body in 3D.

Visitors also saw New 精东传媒 staff, including editor Catherine de Lange, predict the biggest scientific breakthroughs in the next 70 years. Plus, podcast editor Rowan Hooper hosted an emergency briefing on the climate crisis, joined by leading climate and biodiversity scientists.

The talks were all recorded and will be available to stream online for 12 months. See for details of how to get access.

Millions of trees seem to be dying in the US, both near the coasts and inland near lakes, thanks to rising water levels. The finding may force a re-evaluation of how much carbon is stored in forests, which are important carbon sinks for mitigating the more severe effects of climate change.

Rising sea levels and intense storms linked to climate change have driven widespread tree die-offs along the US Atlantic coast, creating known as ghost forests. North Carolina, for example, is thought to have because of waterlogged soil and higher salt levels resulting from rising seawater.

To see how widely this is happening, at the University of Virginia and his colleagues used aerial imagery from the US . They analysed images captured between 2012 and 2023 to map dead trees within 10 kilometres of the Pacific, Gulf and Atlantic coasts of the US, as well as along the US shorelines of the Great Lakes, down to a resolution of about 1 square metre.

They have identified more than 260 million dead trees and found that more than half of the mortality was concentrated in just 10 per cent of the mapped forests. These hotspots weren鈥檛 only in low-lying coastal forests prone to flooding, but also in high-elevation inland wetlands, far from salty water.

Over the decade they studied, tree mortality tripled in low-lying coastal forests, where water inundation was combined with increased levels of salt.

But mortality rates also doubled around expanding freshwater lakes, including the Great Lakes, and in inland wetlands, which have experienced more precipitation.

鈥淭his is the first map of ghost forests that covers the entire US. It鈥檚 also perhaps the first comprehensive study that takes the concept of sea level rise killing trees and applies it to more inland locations,鈥� says at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science. 鈥淎s a coastal scientist, I immediately think of salt as the culprit. These authors have extended it to water in general.鈥�

at the University of Plymouth, UK, says it is striking how widespread the pattern is. 鈥淧rolonged inundation and salinity are already known to stress and kill trees, but the study suggests that water-related forest mortality may be more widespread than is usually recognised,鈥� he says. 鈥淭hat broadens the issue beyond sea-level rise alone.鈥�

Yeung and his colleagues found that between 2013 and 2020, high levels of precipitation and water runoff drove record-high levels in the Great Lakes, and they suggest that this led to sustained waterlogging, increasing the chances of nearby trees dying.

鈥淭he study provides convincing evidence that changing hydrological conditions are an important contributor to the mortality patterns, but I would be cautious about attributing every tree death directly to inundation or salinity,鈥� says Iwantoro, adding that tree mortality is often influenced by other interacting factors, including storms, drought, pests, local drainage and soil conditions.

He says the work adds to evidence that the water-related effects of climate change could accelerate ecosystem shifts.

As the climate warms, the melting of ice means global mean sea levels are rising at about 4.1 millimetres per year, and saltwater intrusion is expected to of the world鈥檚 coastlines by 2100. What鈥檚 more, climate warming also fuels heavier rain and snow, because for every 1掳C that atmospheric temperature rises, the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere can increase by about 7 per cent.

This means that in coastal and lakeside areas, forests may retreat as conditions become more suitable for wetland vegetation, with knock-on effects on carbon storage, says Iwantoro.

Urban trees in south-east England can鈥檛 cope with the changing climate

In cities such as London, trees are already struggling with hot and dry summers. Botanists warn that we need to start replacing them with drought-adapted species

鈥淭ree mortality and decomposition releases carbon into the atmosphere, and if the forest does not recover, then these areas may not regain their capacity to sequester carbon, and it could represent a more long-term carbon stock loss,鈥� says at the World Resources Institute, a global non-profit.

However, the ecosystem that replaces the forest may also accumulate carbon, says Iwantoro. 鈥淭he important question is how carbon storage changes as the landscape transitions, rather than simply how much carbon is lost when trees die.鈥�

Do you have any idea what you鈥檙e looking at in the image above? It might look completely abstract at first glance, but this is, in fact, an aerial photo. The white cobwebby-looking bits are bubbles, the green is algae and the straight lines are the edges of tanks.

This is the Kasslerfeld sewage-treatment plant in Duisburg, Germany, next to the Rhine river, which treats wastewater from nearby businesses and homes.

鈥淭his is part of my series which illustrates environmental damage in a creative way to engage viewers,鈥� says photographer and environmental activist J Henry Fair.

While wastewater plants help minimise human impact on rivers, Fair points out that they don鈥檛 remove all pollutants. For instance, they don鈥檛 filter out all microplastics. We all have microplastics in our bodies, Fair says, but the ramifications of that are not understood.

Fair has been using small aircraft to document the impact of human activity on the landscape, with the aerial view often revealing much that can鈥檛 be seen from the ground. The photograph above is one from a new exhibition at the Bruce Museum in Greenwich, Connecticut, .

鈥淚 first photographed it in passing, then the curators became excited about it, so I went back to reshoot it. But then could not find it. So we flew all around Duisburg, and finally saw it as we were giving up the search,鈥� said Fair.

Waste features in many of Fair鈥檚 photographs. The strange red landscape in the image below is made of the toxic mud left after aluminium is refined from bauxite in Gramercy, Louisiana. The two lines are vehicle tracks. The waste contains heavy metals such as lead and mercury, among other things.

Another alien-looking landscape in the image below is actually the waste treatment at a pulp mill in Ticonderoga, New York state. Trout in nearby Lake Chamberlaindangerous levels of dioxins as a result of historical pollution from factories including the original paper mill at Ticonderoga.

What looks like blood in the shot below is actually molten sulphur being added to large piles of solid yellow sulphur in Fort McMurray, Canada. The sulphur is a byproduct of the tar sands refining process and is stored on-site because there is little demand for it. Fair points out that the petrol (gasoline) made from tar sands results in much higher carbon emissions than that made from oil.

And does the image below show a peaceful Zen garden? No. This is actually earth from a lignite mine in Grefath, Germany. The earth is removed to reveal the lignite 鈥� a particularly dirty form of coal 鈥� around 100 metres down, and then transferred to areas where the coal has already been stripped.

Fair鈥檚 exhibition at the Bruce Museum runs until 7 February.